The ironies of automation
Designing automated systems: lessons from 1983.
In 1983, researcher Lisanne Bainbridge pointed out the following paradox in industrial settings: by automating most, but not all of a system’s operations, we inadvertently create new challenges for human operators [1]. Four decades later, similar dynamics are playing out in our pockets, homes and workplaces, and this contemporary manifestation of automation — AI — is demanding new design approaches from its creators.